Hypothesis and its types - Probability and Statistics

What is Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of a study. It provides a clear focus for research and helps in formulating research questions. A hypothesis must be specific and measurable, allowing researchers to either confirm or refute it through empirical data(information acquired by scientists through experimentation and observation,).

Types of Hypotheses

1. Null Hypothesis (H₀): The null hypothesis states that there is no effect or no relationship between variables. It serves as the default or baseline assumption that researchers aim to test against. Example: "There is no difference in test scores between students who study with music and those who study in silence."
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): The alternative hypothesis suggests that there is an effect or a relationship between variables. It is what researchers hope to support through their study. Example: "Students who study with music have higher test scores than those who study in silence."
3. Directional Hypothesis: A directional hypothesis specifies the expected direction of the relationship between variables. Example: "Consuming caffeine improves alertness in adults."
4. Non-Directional Hypothesis: A non-directional hypothesis states that there is a difference or relationship between variables but does not specify the direction. Example: "There is a difference in alertness levels between adults who consume caffeine and those who do not."